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Evolution

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Closer look :
Fantasticus - ventrimaculatus group
Epipedobates
Epipedobates bassleri

Selected references:
Roberts, J.L., Brown, J.L., Schulte, R., Arizabal, W, and Summers, K. Rapid diversification of coloration among populations of a poison frog isolated on sky peninsulas in the central cordillera of Peru. In press in Journal of Biogeography.

Roberts, J.L., Brown, J.L., Arizabal, W., von May, R.,, Schulte, R., & Summers, K. 2006. Genetic divergence and speciation in lowland and montane Peruvian poison frogs. In press in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. (PDF)

Grant, T., D. R. Frost, J. P. Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, C. F. B. Haddad, P. J. R. Kok, B. D. Means, B. P. Noonan, W. Schargel, and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Anura: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 299: 1-262. (PDF)

Noonan, B.P. & K.P. Wray. 2006. Neotropical Diversification: The effects of a complex history on diversity within the poison frog genus Dendrobates. Journal of Biogeography, 33(6): 1007-1022. (PDF)

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Bayesian Phylogram. Thickened branches indicate nodes supported by greater than 75% Bayesian posterior probabilities. Numbers above branches denote ancestral Bayesian posterior probabilities calculated in SIMMAP. The top number reflects the probability of a montane ancestor, and the bottom number reflects the probability of a brightly colored ancestor. The mountain symbols represent ancestral dispersal events into or out of the mountains (a plus sign indicates a dispersal into the mountains, and a minus sign indicates a dispersal into the lowlands, as calculated using DIVA).

Roberts, J.L., Brown, J.L., Arizabal, W., von May, R.,, Schulte, R., & Summers, K. 2006. Genetic divergence and speciation in lowland and montane Peruvian poison frogs. In press in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Figure copyright Elsevier Inc. 2006.