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Evolution

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Closer look :
Fantasticus - ventrimaculatus group
Epipedobates
Epipedobates bassleri

Selected references:
Roberts, J.L., Brown, J.L., Schulte, R., Arizabal, W, and Summers, K. Rapid diversification of coloration among populations of a poison frog isolated on sky peninsulas in the central cordillera of Peru. In press in Journal of Biogeography.

Roberts, J.L., Brown, J.L., Arizabal, W., von May, R.,, Schulte, R., & Summers, K. 2006. Genetic divergence and speciation in lowland and montane Peruvian poison frogs. In press in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. (PDF)

Grant, T., D. R. Frost, J. P. Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, C. F. B. Haddad, P. J. R. Kok, B. D. Means, B. P. Noonan, W. Schargel, and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Anura: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 299: 1-262. (PDF)

Noonan, B.P. & K.P. Wray. 2006. Neotropical Diversification: The effects of a complex history on diversity within the poison frog genus Dendrobates. Journal of Biogeography, 33(6): 1007-1022. (PDF)

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Cladogram of Dendrobates, Phyllobates and Epipedobates using sequence data from Grant et al. 2006. Taxa with largely incomplete sequences were removed. The tree above is a consensus of 70,000 post burn-in trees (sampled every 1000 generations) generated in a Bayesian analysis (Mr. Bayes 3.1.2) of 10,000,000 generations. Monophyletic species clades were reduced to a single branch. The sequence alignment was generated using PRANK and was checked by eye to ensure the assumption of homology was met. All branches depicted have posterior probabilities higher than 75. Red braches represent species which were secondarily added using results from Roberts et al. 2006.